二十一世纪物流的发展方向

 

    进入新世纪，由于全球经济一体化进程日益加快，企业面临着更加激烈的竞争环境，资源在全球范围内的流动和配置大大加强，世界各国更加重视物流发展对于本国经济发展、国民生活素质和军事实力增强的影响，都十分重视物流业的现代化，从而使现代物流呈现出一系列新的发展趋势。根据国内外物流发展的新情况，21世纪物流的发展趋势可以归纳为信息化、网络化、自动化、电子化、共享化、协同化、集成化、智能化、柔性化、标准化、社会化和全球化十二大趋势。

Entering the new century, because of the global economy integration quickening, enterprise is facing more intense competition environment, the flow of resources across the globe and configuration greatly strengthen, countries all over the world pay more attention to logistics development for its economic development, national life quality and enhance the influence of military strength, has attached great importance to the modernization of the logistics industry, which makes the modern logistics development present a series of new trend. According to the new situation of logistics development at home and abroad, the development trend of logistics in the 21st century can be summarized as the informationization, networking, automation, electronic, sharing, collaboration, integration, intelligence, flexibility, standardization and socialization and twelve big trend of globalization.

一、信息化

    现代社会已经步入了信息时代，物流的信息化是整个社会信息化的必然要求和重要组成部分。物流信息化表现在：物流信息的商品化，物流信息收集的代码化和数据库化，物流信息处理的电子化和计算机化，物流信息传递的标准化和实时化，物流信息存贮的数字化和物流业务数据的共享化等。信息化是现代物流发展的基础，没有物流的信息化，任何先进的技术装备都无法用于物流领域，信息技术在物流中的应用将会彻底改变世界物流的面貌，一些新的物流信息技术在未来的物流中将会得到普遍采用。

    信息化的来临为人们带来了一种新的生活方式和工作方式，这些新方式又导致了物流功能的改变。信息化使得那些在工业社会里的产品生产中心、商业贸易中心发挥的主导功能随着传统生产功能的转移而消失，物流不再仅仅传输产品，同时也在传输信息，各种信息被聚集在物流中心，经过加工、处理、再传播出去。传统的工业社会物流以物为对象，聚集扩散的是物；信息社会是以信息为对象，物流中心的聚散功能除实物之外，还要完成对各种信息的聚集和扩散。总之，信息社会使物流的功能更强大，并形成一个社会经济的综合服务中心。

Modern society has stepped into the information age, the logistics informatization is the inevitable requirement of the social informationization and an important part. Logistics information displays in: the commercialization of logistics information, logistics information collection of code and database, and logistics information processing of electronic and computerized, logistics standardization and real-time information, logistics information digital storage and logistics business data sharing and so on.Informationization is the foundation of modern logistics development, there is no logistics information, any advanced technology and equipment cannot be used in the logistics field, application of information technology in logistics will completely change the face of the world logistics, some of the new logistics information technology in the future will be universally adopted

The advent of information technology brings a new way of life for people and the way of working, these new ways and leads to a change in the function of logistics. Informationization makes those in industrial society production center, trade center play the dominant function of disappear along with the transfer of the traditional production function, logistics is no longer just transmission products, and transport information, at the same time, all kinds of information is gathered in the center of the logistics, after processing, processing, and spread out. The traditional logistics industry society as the object, the object is gathered diffusion; Information society is the information for objects, accumulation and dispersion function of logistics center in addition to physical, but also complete aggregation and diffusion of all kinds of information.Anyway, to make logistics more powerful information society, and form a comprehensive service center of the social economy.

二、网络化

    网络化是指物流配送系统的组织网络和信息网络体系。从组织上来讲，它是供应链成员间的物理联系和业务体系，如台湾的电脑业在20世纪90年代创的“全球运筹式产销模式”，它是按客户订单、采取分散形式组织生产，将全球的制造资源都利用起来，将电脑的所有零部件、元器件、芯片外包给世界各地的制造商采取外包的形式去生产，然后通过全球的物流网络将这些零部件、元器件、芯片发往同一个物流配送中心进行组装，由该物流配送中心将组装的电脑迅速发送给订户。这种过程需要有高效的物流网络支持。而信息网络是供应链上企业之间的业务运作通过互联网实现信息的传递和共享，并运用电子方式完成操作。例如配送中心向供应商发放订单就可以利用网上的电子订货系统通过Internet和EDI来实现，对下游分销商的送货通知也可通过网上的分销系统来实现，等等。

Networking refers to the logistics distribution system´s network and information network system. Organizationally speaking, it is the physical links between the members of the supply chain and business systems, such as the computer industry in Taiwan in the 1990 s and the marketing pattern of "global logistics", it is according to the customers´ orders, organize production by way of spread, the global manufacturing resources are used up, will all the spare parts, components, computer chips to manufacturers around the world to take the form of outsourcing to production, and then through the global logistics network will these spare parts, components, chip to assemble the same logistics distribution center, by the logistics distribution center will be assembled computer quickly sent to the subscriber.This process needs to have efficient logistics network support. And information network is the supply chain between enterprises on the business operation to realize the information transfer via the Internet and the sharing and use of electronic means complete the operation. Such as the distribution center to issue orders to suppliers that can make use of online electronic ordering system through the Internet and EDI implementation, delivery notice for downstream distributors also can through an online distribution system, and so on.

三、自动化

    物流自动化的基础是信息化，核心是机电一体化，其外在表现是无人化，效果是省力化。此外，物流自动化的效果还有：扩大物流作业能力、提高劳动生产率、减少物流作业的差错等。物流自动化的技术很多，如条码技术、射频自动识别技术，自动化立体仓库回来技术，自动存取技术，自动分拣技术，自动导向和自动定位技术，货物自动跟踪技术等。这些技术在经济发达国家已经普遍使用于物流作业中，在我国，虽然某些自动化技术已被采用，但达到普遍应用还需要相当长的时间。

Logistics informatization is the basis of automation, the core is mechanical and electrical integration, its external expression is unmanned, effect is ShengLiHua. In addition, the effect of logistics automation include: expanding logistics operation capacity, improve labor productivity, reduce logistics operation error, etc. Many logistics automation technology, such as bar code technology, radio frequency automatic identification technology, automatic solid warehouse back technology, automatic access to technology, automatic sorting technology, automatic guided and automatic positioning technology, automatic tracking technology of goods, etc. These techniques have been widely used in the economic developed countries in logistics operations, in our country, while some automation technology has been adopted, but achieve widespread application need quite a long time.

四、电子化

    所谓电子化是指商业过程实现电子化，即电子商务。它同样也是以信息化和网络化为基础的。电子化具体表现为：实现业务流程及其每一步骤的电子化、无纸化；所有商务涉及的货币实现数字化和电子化；交易商品实现符号化、数字化；业务处理过程实现全程自动化和透明化；交易场所和市场空间实现虚拟化；消费行为实现个性化；企业之间或供应链之间实现无边界化；市场结构实现网络化和全球化，等等。作为电子商务发展关键性因素之一的物流，是商流、信息流和资金流的基础与载体。全球电子商务的推广和普及将使得跨国和跨区域物流更加频繁，对物流的需求会更加强烈。物流中心不仅要成为信息聚散中心，而且还会成为管理决策中心、观念与技术创新中心、市场和消费中心。

Electronic refers to the business process to achieve electronic, namely the electronic commerce. It is also based on informatization and network into. Electronic embodied in: implement the business process and each step of electronic, paperless; All business involved in digitizing and electronic currency; Trading commodity symbolic and digital; Business process to achieve full automation and transparency; Trading venues and implement virtualization market space; Consumer behavior achieve personalized; Between enterprise or supply chain implementation without BianJieHua; Market structure to realize networking and globalization, and so on.As e-commerce development is one of the key factors of logistics, business flow, information flow and cash flow is the basis and carrier. The promotion and popularization of global e-commerce will make transnational and trans-regional logistics more frequently, the demand for logistics has become more intense. Logistics center is not only to become the center of information gathering, and will become the center of management decisions, ideas and technology innovation center, market and consumption.

五、共享化

    供应链管理强调链上成员的协作和社会整体资源的高效利用，以最合理的、最少的资源来最大化地满足整体市场的需求。而供应链上的企业只有在建立互惠互利的共赢伙伴关系的基础上，才能实现业务过程间的高度协作和资源的高效利用，只有通过资源共享、信息共享、技术共享、知识共享、业务流程等的共享，才能实现社会资源优化配置和供应链上物流业务的优势互补以及更快地对终端市场和整个供应链上的需求作出响应。近年来，一些新型的供应链管理策略，如供应商管理库存VMI、第四方物流4PL、JIT II、协同计划、预测和供给CPFR、零售商－供应商伙伴关系RSP以及分销商一体化DI等都能很好地使供应链上的企业有效地实现信息、技术、知识、客户和市场等资源的共享化。

In the chain of supply chain management emphasis on members of the collaboration of efficient utilization of resources and society as a whole, with the most reasonable, the least amount of resources to maximize meet the demand of the market as a whole. Only in building enterprises in the supply chain, on the basis of mutually beneficial win-win partnership, to achieve business process between the height of the collaboration and efficient utilization of resources, it is only through resources sharing, information sharing, technology sharing, knowledge sharing and business process of sharing, to achieve optimal allocation of social resources and supply chain logistics business advantage complementary and faster on the terminal markets and throughout the supply chain needs to respond.In recent years, some new type of supply chain management strategy, such as vendor managed inventory, VMI, fourth party logistics (4 pl, JIT II, CPFR collaborative planning, forecasting and supply distributor, retailer and supplier partnership RSP and integration of DI and so on all can make the enterprise in the supply chain effectively implement information, technology, resource sharing and so on knowledge, customer and market.

六、协同化

    市场需求的瞬息万变、竞争环境的日益激烈都要求企业和整个供应链具有更快的响应速度和协同运作的能力，以及对供应链上的前向洞察力。通过与供应商和客户的实时沟通与协同，企业一方面能使供应商对自己的需求具有可预见能力，使其能提供更好的价格和服务，同时对其供应能力也有较好地预见性，为自己长期的、充足的供给业务提供了保障；另一方面，自己也能及时了解客户的需求信息，在多变的市场环境中保持更快的响应能力，跟踪和监控需求满足的过程，准确、及时、优质地将产品和服务递交到客户手中。为了实现物流作业的协同预测、规划和供应，快速响应和供应链上总库存的最佳配置等目标，需要做到与客户和合作伙伴间业务流程的紧密集成，达到零阻力、无时差的协作，共同分享业务数据、联合进行预测和计划、管理执行以及完成绩效评估等。而只有企业间真正达到了彼此协同，才能使物流作业的响应速度更快、更具有前向的预见性、更好地共同抵御各种风险、降低成本和提高产出，满足客户的需求。

Market demand of the rapidly changing and increasingly intense competitive environment require that enterprises and the whole supply chain has faster response speed and ability to work together, as well as to the former in the supply chain to insight. Through real-time communication and collaboration with suppliers and customers, enterprises on the one hand can make the suppliers for their requirements have predictable ability, make its can provide better price and service, at the same time also has better predictive for the supply ability, for their long term, provides the guarantee adequate supply business;Myself, on the other hand, also can understand customer´s demand information in time, in the changeable market environment to maintain faster response ability, tracking and monitoring requirements to meet process, accurate, timely, high quality products and services to submit to the customer.
In order to achieve the collaborative forecasting, planning and supply of the logistics operation, fast response and the configuration of supply chain total inventory target, need to do with the close integration of business processes between customers and partners, to achieve zero resistance, no jet lag collaboration, sharing business data, combined to forecast and plan, manage, perform and complete the performance evaluation, etc. And only really reached the coordination each other between enterprises, in order to make response speed faster, more logistics operations have to proactive, common protection against various risks, reduce costs and increase output, to meet customer demand.

 

七、集成化

      供应链物流业业务是由多个成员、多个环节组成的，全球化和协同化的物流运作方式要求物流业务中的所有成员和环节在整个流程上的业务运作衔接的更加紧密，因此，必须对这些成员和环节的业务、以及业务处理过程中的信息进行高度集成，实现供应链的整体化和集成化运作，缩短供应链的相对长度，使供应链上的物流作业务更流畅、产出率更高，响应速度更快，使各环节的业务更加接近客户和客户的需求。这种集成化的基础是业务过程的优化和管理信息系统的集成，而二者都需要有完善的信息系统解决方案通过决策、优化、计划、执行等方法和功能来予以支持，并使所有成员各自的信息系统进行无缝连接，实现系统集成、信息集成、业务集成、流程集成、资源集成。同时，集成化也是共享化和协同化的基础，如果不首先实现集成，就无法实现共享化和协同化。

Supply chain logistics business is composed of multiple members, multiple links, globalization and co-ordinated way of logistics operation requires all members of the logistics business and links in the entire process of business operations more closely, therefore, must to these members and link the information in the business, and business process is a highly integrated, to achieve supply chain integration and integrated operation, shorten the relative length of the supply chain, made in the supply chain logistics business more smoothly, and productivity, and the response speed faster, make each link business more close to the customer and customer´s demand
This integration is the basis of business process optimization and integration of management information system, and both need to have perfect information system solutions through methods such as decision making, optimization, planning, executing and functionality to support, and make all members of their respective information system for seamless connection, the realization of system integration, information integration, business integration, process integration, resources integration. At the same time, the integration is the basis for the sharing and collaboration, if not to be the first to realize the integration, can realize the sharing and collaboration.

八、智能化

     智能化是自动化、信息化的一种高层次应用。物流作业过程涉及大量的运筹和决策，如物流网络的设计与优化、运输（搬运）路径的选择、每次运输的装载量选择，多种货物的拼装优化、运输工具的排程和调度、库存水平的确定、补货策略的选择、有限资源的调配、配送策略的选择等问题都需要进行优化处理，这些都需要管理者借助优化的、智能工具和大量的现代物流知识来解决。同时，近年来，专家系统、人工智能、仿真学、运筹学、智能商务、数据挖掘和机器人等相关技术在国际上已经有比较成熟的研究成果，并在实际物流作业中得到了较好的应用。因此，物流的智能化已经成为物流发展的一个新趋势。

Intelligence is a high level of automation, informationization application. Logistics operation process involves a large number of management and decision-making, such as the design and optimization of the logistics network, transport (carry) the choice of the path, each transport load selection, variety of goods assembled optimization, transportation scheduling and scheduling, inventory levels, the selection of procurement strategy, the deployment of limited resources, the distribution and the choice of strategy problem needs to be optimized, this requires managers with the tools of optimization, intelligent and a lot of knowledge to solve the modern logistics.At the same time, in recent years, the expert system, artificial intelligence, simulation, operations research, business intelligence, data mining and related technology such as robots on international already have more mature research achievements, and obtained the good application in the actual logistics operation. Therefore, logistics intelligent has become a new trend of logistics development.

九、标准化

     标准化技术也是现代物流技术的一个显著特征和发展趋势，同时也是现代物流技术实现的根本保证。货物的运输配送、存储保管、装卸搬运、分类包装、流通加工等各个环节中信息技术的应用，都要求必须有一套科学的作业标准。例如，物流设施、设备及商品包装的标准化等，只有实现了物流系统各个环节的标准化，才能真正实现物流技术的信息化、自动化、网络化、智能化等。特别是在经济全球化和贸易全球化的新世纪中，如果在国际间没有形成物流作业的标准化，就无法实现高效的全球化物流运作，这将阻碍经济全球化的发展进程。

Standardization technology is a remarkable feature of modern logistics technology and development trend, at the same time also is the fundamental guarantee of modern logistics technology. Transportation and delivery of goods, storage, warehousing, loading and unloading handling, sorting, packaging, circulation processing and so on each link in the application of information technology requires that there must have a set of scientific operation standard.For example, the standardization of logistics facilities, equipment and goods packaging, only to implement the standardization of logistics system in each link, can we truly realize the informatization of logistics technology, automation, networked, intelligent, etc. Especially in the new era of economic globalization and the globalization of trade, if there are no formed the international standardization of logistics operations, will not be able to implement efficient global logistics operation, which could hamper the development of economic globalization process.

十、柔性化

     柔性化本来是生产领域提出来的，20世纪90年代，生产领域为了更好地满足消费者的个性化需求，实现多品种、小批量以及灵活易变的生产方式，国际制造业推出柔性制造系统FMS（Flexible Manufacturing System），实行柔性化生产。随后，柔性化作业又扩展到了流通领域，根据供应链末端市场的需求组织生产、安排物流活动。物流作业的柔性化是生产领域柔性化的进一步延长，它可以帮助物流企业更好地适应消费需求的“多品种、小批量、多批次、短周期”趋势，灵活地组织和实完成流作业，为客户提供定制化的物流服务来满足他们的个性化需求。

Production field of flexibility was proposed, in the 1990 s, the production area in order to better meet the personalized needs of consumers, to realize many varieties, small batch production mode and Flexible changeable, launched the international Manufacturing Flexible Manufacturing System FMS (Flexible Manufacturing System), a Flexible production.
Subsequently, flexible operation in circulation field, according to the demand of the market at the end of supply chain organization production, arrange the logistics activity. Logistics job flexibility is the further extension of the production flexibility, it can help the logistics enterprises to better adapt to consumer demand "many varieties, small batch, batches and short cycle" trend, flexible organization and complete flow operation, to provide customized logistics services to meet their individual needs.

十一、社会化

     物流的社会化也是今后物流发展的方向，其最明显的的趋势就是物流业中出现“第三方物流”和“第四方物流”等方式。物流合理化的一个重要方面就是物流活动的社会化，物流的社会化一方面是为了满足企业物流活动社会化要求而形成的，另一方面又为企业的物流活动提供了社会保障。而第三方、第四方乃至未来发展形成的第N方物流是随着物流业发展到一定阶段必然出现的产物，在某种意义上，可以说它是物流过程产业化和专业化的一种形式。因此，学术界预测下阶段的物流将向虚拟物流和第N方物流发展，除了物流活动外，物流管理也将逐渐被外包出去。这将使企业告别“小而全、大而全”的纵向一体化运作模式，转向新型的横向一体化的运作模式，集中精力去做自己最擅长的业务，增强自己的核心竞争力。

Direction for the socialization of logistics and logistics development in the future, the most obvious is the trend of logistics industry in the "third-party logistics" and "the fourth party logistics", etc. Logistics rationalization is an important aspect of the socialization of logistics activities, logistics socialization, on the one hand is to satisfy the business enterprise logistics activities and form the social requirement, on the other hand, the logistics activities provide the social security for the enterprise.And the third party, the fourth party and even the development of the future form of N party logistics is along with the logistics industry development to a certain stage inevitable product, in a sense, it is a form of industrial and professional logistics process. Academics predict, therefore, under the stage of the logistics to N party logistics and virtual logistics development, in addition to the logistics activity and logistics management will gradually be outsourced. This will make the enterprise farewell "conveniently small, instead of" vertical integration operation mode, turned to the horizontal integration of the new mode of operation, concentrate to do his best in business, enhance their core competitiveness.

十二、全球化

    为了实现资源和商品在国际间的高效流动与交换，促进区域经济的发展和全球资源优化配置的要求，物流运作必须要向全球化的方向发展。在全球化趋势下，物流目标是为国际贸易和跨国经营提供服务，选择最佳的方式与路径，以最低的费用和最小的风险，保质、保量、准时地将货物从某国的供方运到另一国的需方，使各国物流系统相互“接轨”, 它代表物流发展的更高阶段。

    进入新世纪的中国，正肩负着实现工业化、加快现代化的艰巨性的历史性重任。面对着信息全球化化的浪潮，信息化已成为加快实现工业化和现代化的必然选择。中国提出要走新型工业化道路，其实质就是以信息化带动工业化、以工业化促进信息化，达到互动并进，实现跨越式发展。中国已经加入WTO后，资源在全球范围内的流动和配置大大加强，企业面临的国内、国际市场的竞争更加激烈，越来越多的跨国公司正加快对中国的投资速度，纷纷到中国设立或扩大加工基地与研发基地，一大批中国企业也将真正融入全球产业链，有些还将直接成为国际跨国公司的配套企业，这些都将大大加快中国经济与国际经济接轨的步伐，加剧中国企业在本土和国际范围内与外商的竞争，这都将对我国的物流业提出更高的要求。在这种新环境下，我国的物流企业必须把握好现代物流的发展趋势，运用行进的管理技术和信息技术，提升自己的竞争力和整体优势，提高物流作业的管理能力和创新能力，在走我国新型工业化的道路上努力。

In order to realize the resources and the efficient flow of merchandise in and exchange, promote the development of regional economy and the global resources optimization configuration requirements, logistics operation must be developed to the direction of globalization. Under the trend of globalization, logistics, international trade and multinational business goal is to provide service, the best way and the path, at the lowest cost and minimum risk, ensure the quality, and on time the goods from China shipped to another country of the buyer, the supplier make the national logistics system "standards" to each other, it represents a higher stage of logistics development.

Entering the new century, China is shouldering the task of industrialization, speed up the modernisation of the historic task. Facing the information turn the tide of globalization, informatization has become the realization of industrialization and modernization of inevitable choice. Offered to take a new road to industrialization in China, its essence is to information impetus industrialization, by industrialization promotion becoming an information based society, to interact, to achieve leapfrog development. After China has joined WTO, the flow of resources on a global scale, and configuration greatly strengthen, enterprises are faced with the domestic and international market competition more intense,More and more multinational companies are to speed up the investment in China, in succession to China to set up or expand processing base and research and development base, a large number of Chinese enterprises will also be truly integrated into the global industrial chain, some will also become international multinational company of form a complete set of enterprise directly, all of these will greatly speed up the pace of China´s economy and international economy, the deepening of Chinese enterprises in the domestic and international scope and foreign competition,It will be on our country´s logistics industry put forward higher request. In this new environment, China´s logistics enterprises must grasp the good development trend of modern logistics, the use of travel management and information technology, and improve their competitiveness and overall advantage, improve the management ability and innovation ability of logistics operation, efforts on to the road of new industrialization in our country.